Selasa, 31 Mei 2016
History Of Train In Indonesia
History
of Train in Indonesia
The first railway lines in Indonesia were constructed during the Dutch colonial rule. After independence in
1949, many lines were abandoned. The current national rail operator, PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero), was
founded on 28 September 1945.
Pre-independence era
First railway line
The platform of the
first station of Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (Dutch-Indies
Railway Company) in Semarang.
Indonesia (Dutch East
Indies) is the second country in Asia to establish a rail transport,
after India; China and Japan were next to follow. On 7 June 1864, Governor
General Baron Sloet van den Beele
initiated the first railway line in Indonesia on Kemijen village, Semarang,
Central Java. It began operations on 10 August 1867 in Central Java and
connected the first built Semarang station to Tanggung for 25 kilometers. By 21
May 1873, the line had connected to Solo,
both in Central Java and was later extended to Yogyakarta. This line was operated by a private
company, Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS: Netherlands
East Indies Railway Company) and used the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
standard
gauge gauge. Later construction by both private and state railway
companies used the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
gauge.
The liberal Dutch
government of the era was then reluctant to build its own railway, preferring
to give a free rein to private enterprises. However, private railways
could not provide the expected return of investment (even NIS required some
financial assistance from the government), and the Dutch Ministry of Colonies
finally approved a state railway system, the Staatsspoorwegen (State
Railway), extending from Buitenzorg (now Bogor) in the west, to Surabaya
in the east. Construction began from both ends, the first line (from Surabaya)
being opened on 16 May 1878, and both cities were connected by 1894.
Locomotive and train of
the Dutch Indies Railway Company (Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij),
Java.
By the 1920s, the
system in Java had reached its greatest extent, with most towns and cities
connected by rail, with branches and tramways connecting sugar plantations to
factories.
The Great
Depression of the 1930s put paid to plans of constructing railway
lines in Borneo,
Celebes,
connecting the lines in Sumatra and electrification of the lines in Java.
After the Dutch state
started railway construction, private enterprises did not completely get out of
the picture, and at least 15 light railway companies operated in Java. These
companies operated as "steam tram companies", but despite the name,
were better described as regional secondary lines.
Java
B 2502 at the Ambarawa Railway Museum
As befits a colonial
enterprise, most railway lines in Indonesia had a dual purpose: economic and
strategic. In fact, a condition for the financial assistance for the NIS was
that the company build a railway line to Ambarawa,
which had an important fort named Willem I for the Dutch king. The first
state railway line was built through the mountains on the southern part of
Java, instead of the flat regions on the north, for a similar strategic reason.
The state railway in Java connected Anyer on the western coast
of the island, to Banyuwangi on the eastern coast.
Sumatra
Rail yard in Medan, June 1950
In Sumatra,
railways were first used for military purposes, with a railway line connecting Banda Aceh
and its port of Uleelhee in 1876. This railway, the Atjeh Staats Spoorwegen
(ASS), first built to a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge which
was later regauged to 750
mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) and extended south. This line was only transferred to the Ministry of Colonies from the Ministry of War on 1 January 1916, following the relative pacification of Aceh.
mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) and extended south. This line was only transferred to the Ministry of Colonies from the Ministry of War on 1 January 1916, following the relative pacification of Aceh.
The Western Sumatra's
state railway in the Minangkabau area, the Staatsspoorwegen ter Sumatra's
Westkust (SSS) transported coal from inland mines to the port at Padang and
was built between 1891 and 1894
The Southern Sumatra's
state railway, the Staatsspoorwegen op Zuid-Sumatra (ZSS), was completed
in the 1930s. It served a fertile plantation area and an important coal mine.
Another important
private railway line was the Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij (Deli
Railway Company). This line served regions producing rubber and tobacco in
Deli.
Sulawesi
Between July 1922 and
1930, a 47 kilometres (29 mi)-long railway line operated in South Sulawesi.
This line was to be extended to North Sulawesi, as part of a massive project of
railway construction in Borneo and Sulawesi, connection of separate railway systems in
Sumatra and electrification of the main lines in Java.
The Great Depression of 1929 put paid to these
plans.
Japanese occupation
During the Japanese occupation between 1942 and 1945,
the different railway lines in Java were managed as one entity. The Sumatra
systems, being under the administration of a different branch of the Japanese armed forces,
remained separate.
The occupiers also
converted the (1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
standard
gauge lines in Java into 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in),
thereby resolving the dual gauge issue. This was not an actual
"problem" as there was not much transfer of materials between the
systems, and much of the 1,435 mm system had been fitted with a third rail
by 1940, creating a mixed-gauge railway. Many locomotives were seized and
transported to Malaya, Burma and elsewhere.
Independence era
During the war for
independence between 1945 and 1949, freedom
fighters took over the railways, creating the first direct
predecessor to today's PT Kereta Api, the Djawatan Kereta Api Repoeblik
Indonesia (Railway Bureau of the Republic of Indonesia), on 28 September 1945.
This date, not the 1867 one, is regarded as the birth date of Indonesian
railways and commemorated as Railway Day every year, due to political ground.
In Sumatra, the
separate systems were similarly taken over, named Kereta Api Soematera
Oetara Negara Repoeblik Indonesia in North Sumatra and Kereta Api Negara
Repoeblik Indonesia in South and West Sumatra.
On the other hand, the
Dutch created its own combined railway system to manage the lines located on
its occupied territory, the Verenigd
Spoorwegbedrijf (Combined Railways). By the time of Dutch recognition of
Indonesian independence, the VS had most railway lines under its management,
though not all were in operation.
With Indonesia's full
independence in 1949, the separate systems (except the Deli Railway) were
combined into the Djawatan Kereta Api. Non-state railway systems in Java
retained their paper existence until 1958, when all railway lines in Indonesia
were nationalized, including the Deli Railway,
thereby creating the Perusahaan Negara Kereta Api (PNKA: State Railway
Corporation).
On 15 September 1971,
PNKA was reorganized into Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api (Railway Bureau
Corporation), in turn reorganized into Perumka (Perusahaan Umum Kereta
Api: Public Railway Corporation) on 2 January 1991. Perumka was transformed
into PT Kereta Api (Persero) on 1 June 1999. Since 2010 the name of PT
Kereta Api was transformed into PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) till
now
The headquarters of the
state railway system, since Dutch colonial days, had been located in Bandung,
West Java. Private railway companies were headquartered elsewhere, in Semarang,
Tegal, Surabaya
and Medan.
Euro Truck Simulator 2
EURO
TRUCK SIMULATOR 2
Developer(s)
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SCS
Software
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Publisher(s)
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SCS
Software
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Series
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Truck Simulator
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Platform(s)
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Release date(s)
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Genre(s)
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Simulation
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Mode(s)
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Single-player and Multiplayer modification (Steam only)
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Gameplay
Driver's view from a
DAF truck during game play.
The game map is a
downscaled representation of Europe, and covers (fully or partially) the
countries:
Base game: Austria,
Belgium,
Czech
Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland,
Slovakia,
Switzerland,
England,
Scotland,
Wales
Going East! DLC: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia
Scandinavia DLC: Denmark,
Norway,
Sweden
Players choose their
HQ's location in any of the game map's cities. At first, the player can only
take what are known as Quick jobs -- these jobs involve making hired driver
deliveries while employed by a delivery company, with a provided truck and all
expenses (fuel, road tolls, ferry crossings) covered. As the player earns money
or takes bank loans, they can eventually afford to buy themselves a truck,
acquire a home garage, and start making more money by delivering cargo using
their own truck instead of just being a driver for hire. Money earned in the
game can be spent on upgrading or purchasing new trucks, hiring NPC drivers to take on deliveries, buying
more garages and expanding the home garage to accommodate more trucks and
drivers.
The player gains
experience points after each delivery. A skill point is awarded after each
level-up. Skill points can be used to unlock deliveries that require different ADR
classes, longer distance deliveries, special cargo loads, fragile cargo loads,
deliveries that are urgent and eco-driving. This progression allows the player
to take on better paid jobs.
The game features 77
cities in thirteen different countries, over twenty different types of cargo
and over fifteen fictional European companies.
Version 2 includes two
new truck companies, Scania and Renault,
with MAN
returning from the original game. DAF,
Iveco,
Mercedes-Benz
and Volvo
trucks were not officially licensed and had their names changed to DAV, Ivedo,
Majestic and Valiant respectively. Later updates included the official branding
for the DAF XF, Volvo FH,
Iveco Stralis and Mercedes-Benz Actros.
Development
Expanding beyond the
Windows version, SCS announced in March 2013 that they were developing a Mac
version of the game. One month later they released a
Linux beta
version of the game to the public through Steam. On the 27th February, they stated "the
Mac OS port of ETS2 is taking longer than anybody would like, but trust us, we
are still working hard on it." Finally, on December 19, 2014, they announced
on their blog
that the Mac
version of the game is ready for a public beta available on Steam. On January 21, 2015 a 64 bit version of
Euro Truck Simulator 2 was released, which allows for more memory to be used by
the game.
In July 2013 a large
update was released, fixing various graphical glitches, improving the toll
booths and included the ability to switch off the trucks' speed limiter from
within the gameplay options.
In October 2013, SCS
announced support for the Oculus Rift virtual reality headset which became
available in the beta 1.9 update released in March 2014 In May 2014, ETS 2 was
updated out of beta with patch 1.10.
In July 2014, ETS 2 released an open beta of patch 1.11 on Steam. The full
patch contains 3 new cities in Austria and Italy, along with an improved layout
and UI, a way to adjust your seating in the cabin, and a feature that allows
you to sell/trade your garages. In January 2015, ETS 2 was updated with support
for 64 bit, and officially released for OS X. On September 8,
2015, SCS Blog announced the completion of 5 years of their blog as well as the
upcoming feature in v1.21 (Cabin Accessories DLC).
Downloadable
content
Going East!
In January 2013 SCS
Software announced a downloadable content (DLC) package — Going
East!, expanding the game map into Eastern
Europe. The DLC saw the introduction of thirteen new cities across Poland,
Slovakia,
the Czech Republic and Hungary
and was released in September 2013. In July 2015 (version 1.19), Hungary gained
2 more cities: Pécs and Szeged along with some roads in Austria and Hungary.
Paint job themes
A set of Halloween-themed
paint jobs was released exclusively on Valve's Steam store on 24 October 2013. On 10 December
2013, a set of winter
themed paint jobs called Ice Cold were released. These themes can be applied to
any truck in the game. On April 4, 2014, SCS Software released six more paint
jobs in a DLC pack called "Force of Nature" and all paint jobs are
still Steam DLC only. The Going East! DLC however, is both Steam and Non-Steam
DLC. Finally, in the 1.10/1.11 update there are 5 new paint schemes with the UK
flag, the Irish flag, the Scottish flag, the American flag and the Canadian
flag. On October 3, 2014, SCS Software released some colorschemes based
on the German flag, prior to the 24th anniversary of
the reunion of Germany. During December 2014 and January 2015 on World of
Trucks only, there was an exclusive paint skin that many players still have
today called the Ravens Paint Pack. It included only two Raven style paints (1
blue, 1 gold), and was only unlocked if you delivered Christmas trailers the
approximate distance from Praha, Czech Republic to the Geographic North Pole
which in the end came down to 2,760 miles (4,443 km). The Ravens Paint Pack is
the only DLC pack not on Steam.
High Power Cargo Pack
High Power Cargo Pack
DLC expands the cargo range in the game by adding custom cargoes. The new
cargoes are usually large, long and heavy and include a helicopter,
various tractors and drillers, air conditioners and even a yacht. An extra
bonus included with the pack is a special Heavy Duty customizable paint job.
Unlike the Going East! DLC (geographic) and the Paint Jobs Packs (aesthetic),
this is currently the only expansion pack that actually changes the in-game
experience.
Scandinavia
On May 7th, 2015 SCS
released a second DLC similar to Going East!, called Scandinavia. As the name
suggests, it features a map extension to Scandinavia and features Denmark,
Norway,
and Sweden.
The DLC also contains 2 new types of trailers: a livestock trailer and a trailer
for transporting trucks. The latter can be picked up at the Volvo Trucks
and Scania
factories in Sweden,
which have been reconstructed in the game.
Cabin Accessories
The Cabin Accessories
DLC adds various items to customize the cabin of your truck, such as banners,
pennants, bobbleheads, a portable navigator and even fuzzy dice which will
respond to the cabin's movements. It was released on September 30, 2015.
Mods
A wide range of mods
can be downloaded for Euro Truck Simulator 2, many of which help the game grow
in game content, map size and game popularity. Some popular map mods include
ProMods, who have currently modeled France,
Scandinavia,
Estonia,
Iceland,
Scotland
and recently Romania,
Ukraine,
Latvia,
Spain
and more. The teams plan is to one day cover the entire European continent.
Another popular mod is TSM (TruckSim Map) which includes Italy, Spain, Portugal,
Greece
and Northern Africa. And also There is Poland
Rebuilding, a project of remaking the country Poland
into a more realistic one, which merged with ProMods 2.0 after its release. And
there is RusMap, a map which includes Belarus and Russia. There is also a
third-party multiplayer mod which is currently in open alpha status, allowing ETS2
players from all over the world to make deliveries in the same world-space. The multiplayer mod, named TruckersMP has
five servers, two in Europe, one in America, one in South America, and one in
Hong Kong. Some of the servers are hard capped to a 110 km/h (68 mph) speed
limit outside of towns and 60 km/h (37 mph) inside.
Some mods include a
handful of trailers and companies like JazzyCat which contains military,
trailers and cargos, and railway trailers to use in game. There are over 300+
of new trailers and over 20+ companies renamed to DHL, John Deere, TNT, etc.
Some trailer packs contain a few handful of American trailers. It also includes
Eddie Stobart Group and the Malcolm Group as mods as well.
Other mods allow
players driving cars like the Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT8, Audi S4,
BMW X5
and X6
or AI traffic packs with a variety of cars. Some of them are also truck mods
like the Peterbilt 379, Kenworth
W900a, the Freightliner FLD 120, Peterbilt 351,
MAZ, vehicle tuning, open pipe sound, and
so on.
Steam Workshop
Integration
In the 1.23 beta, SCS Software
integrated Valve's
Steam
Workshop into the game, allowing mod authors to upload their
creations onto the Euro Truck
Simulator 2 Steam Workshop page. This lets players click a button to
download and install a mod into their game. These mods range from trailers and
companies to new trucks and sound packs. Mod authors will use a tool named SCS Workshop
Uploader to get their mods published on the Workshop Page.
France (under
development)
On February 18, 2016,
the development of a French DLC was announced. It should cover the rest of
France, because the original map only covered the northeast of the country.
Reception
Reception
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The game was generally
well received by critics, holding a score of 79/100 on Metacritic,
indicating 'generally favorable reviews'.
In a review for Destructoid,
Jim Sterling praised the game's accessibility, noting how easy the GPS and map
features were to use, as well as the option to stream European internet radio,
and the multitude of control options available. He also praised the graphics,
stating that "[f]rom the shape of the traffic lights to the atmosphere of
the backdrops, there's a sense of individuality to each new territory you
uncover, and the trucks themselves are lovingly recreated with an intricate
level of detail", although he did criticise the AI of the other vehicles
on the road. In a similarly favourable review, Tim Stone of PC Gamer
called it "unexpectedly engrossing", praising the size of the map and
the variation of the roads and scenery available. He did however have
reservations about the accuracy of the surroundings, commenting "no one
seems to have told SCS’s countryside crafters that rural Britain features long
green things called hedges. Cities are often depicted with the shortest of
visual shorthand – a few warehouses, the odd landmark if you’re lucky."
PC Gamer awarded the
game 'Sim of the Year 2012' in its end-of-year awards.
Rock, Paper, Shotgun listed Euro Truck
Simulator 2 ninth on their list of "The 25 Best Simulation Games Ever
Made".
